""■^Southern 

Yellow  Pine 
Car  Material 


Specifications 


Recommended  Practice  of  the 

MASTER  CAR  BUILDERS’  ASSOCIATION, 
AND  AMERICAN  RAILWAY  MASTER 
MECHANICS’  ASSOCIATION 


Adopted  and  Reprinted  by  the 

Southern  Pine  Association 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


JANUARY  1,  1917 


iibrart 

Of-IHE 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 


* 


UNNt"  '  °% 

\U\^0lb  a\GN 


<£//.  / 

S  O  P  C 

Classification,  Grading  and  Dressing 
Rules  for  Southern  Yellow  Pine 
Car  Material. 

1.  Classification,  Grading  and  Dressing  Rules  for 
Southern  Yellow  Pine  Car  Lumber,  adopted  as  rec¬ 
ommended  practice  by  the  Master  Car  Builders  and 
American  Railway  Master  Mechanics’  Associations, 
Atlantic  City,  June  15-22,  1910;  adopted  at  Chicago, 
Ill.,  by  the  Yellow  Pine  Manufacturers’  Association, 
July  19  and  20,  1910;  and  adopted  and  ordered  reprinted 
by  the  Grading  Committee  of  the  Southern  Pine  Asso¬ 
ciation,  November  23,  1915. 


2.  SOUTHERN  YELLOW  PINE  LUMBER  to  cover 
Long  Leaf  and  Short  Leaf  Yellow  Pine  grown  in  the 
Southern  States  shall  be- graded1  and  classified  according 
to  the  following  rules  and  specifications  as  to  quality,  and 
dressed  stock  shall  conform  to  the  subjoined  table  of 
standard  sizes,  except  where  otherwise  expressly  stipu¬ 
lated  between  buyer  and  seller. 

3.  Recognized  defects  in  Southern  Yellow  Pine  are 
knots,  knot  holes,  splits  (either  from  seasoning,  ring 
hearts  or  rough  handling),  shake,  wane,  red  heart,  pith, 
rot,  rotten  streaks,  dote,  worm  holes,  pitch  streaks,  pitch 
pockets,  torn  grain,  loosened  grain,  seasoning  or  kiln 
checks,  sap  stains  and  imperfect  manufacture. 


KNOTS. 

4.  Knots  shall  be  classified  as  pin,  standard  and  large, 
as  to  size;  and  round  and  spike,  as  to  form;  and  as  sound, 
loose,  encased,  pith  and  unsound,  as  to  quality. 


—  1  — 


5.  A  pin  knot  is  sound  and  not  over  34  inch  in  diameter. 
(See  page  11.) 

6.  A  standard  knot  is  sound  and  not  over  134  inches 
in  diameter.  (See  Page  12.) 

7.  A  large  knot  is  one  any  size  over  134  inches  in  di¬ 
ameter.  (See  Page  13.) 

-  8.  A  round  knot  is  oval  or  circular  in  form. 

9.  A  spike  knot  is  one  sawn  in  a  lengthwise  direction. 
(See  Page  14.) 

The  mean  or  average  diameter  of  knots  shall  be  con¬ 
sidered  in  applying  and  construing  these  rules. 

10.  A  sound  knot  is  one  solid  across  its  face,  is  as 
hard  as  the  wood  it  is  in,  and  is  so  fixed  by  growth  or 
position  that  it  will  retain  its  place  in  the  piece. 

11.  A  loose  knot  is  one  not  held  firmly  in  place  by 
growth  or  position.  (See  Page  15.) 

12.  A  pith  knot  is  a  sound  knot  with  a  pith  hole  not 
more  than  34  inch  in  diameter.  (See  Page  16.) 

13.  An  encased  knot  is  one  surrounded  wholly  or 
in  part  by  bark  or  pitch.  Where  the  encasement  is  less 
than  34  of  an  inch  in  width  on  both  sides,  not  exceeding 
one-half  the  circumference  of  the  knot,  it  shall  be  con¬ 
sidered  a  sound  knot.  (See  Sections  10  and  17.)  (See 
Page  17.) 

14.  An  unsound  knot  is  one  not  as  hard  as  the  wood  it 
is  in.  (See  Page  18.) 


PITCH. 

15.  Pitch  pockets  are  openings  between  the  grain 
of  the  wood  containing  more  or  less  pitch  or  bark,  and 
shall  be  classified  as  small,  standard  and  large  pitch 
pockets. 

16.  A  small  pitch  pocket  is  one  not  over  J4  of  an  inch 
wide. 


—  2  — 


A  standard  pitch  pocket  is  one  not  over  %  of  an  inch 
wide  or  3  inches  in  length. 

A  large  pitch  pocket  is  one  over  %  of  an  inch  wide  or 
over  3  inches  in  length. 

17.  A  pitch  pocket  showing  open  on  both  sides  of  the 
piece  */g  of  an  inch  or  more  in  width  shall  be  considered  the 
same  as  a  knot  hole. 

18.  A  pitch  streak  is  a  well-defined  accumulation 
of  pitch  at  one  point  in  the  piece,  and  when  not  suffi¬ 
cient  to  develop  a  well-defined  streak,  or  where  fiber 
between  grains  is  not  saturated  with  pitch,  it  shall  not 
be  considered  a  defect.  (See  Page  18.)  * 

19.  A  small  pitch  streak  shall  be  equivalent  to  not 
over  one-twelfth  the  width  and  one-sixth  the  length  of 
the  piece  it  is  in. 

A  standard  pitch  streak  shall  be  equivalent  to  not 
over  one-sixth  the  width  and  one-third  of  the  length  of 
the  piece  it  is  in. 


WANE. 

20.  Wane  is  bark,  or  the  lack  of  wood,  from  any 
cause,  on  the  edge. 

SAP. 

21.  Bright  Sap  shall  not  be  considered  a  defect  in  any 
of  the  grades  provided  for  and  described  in  these  rules, 
except  where  stipulated. 

SHAKE. 

22.  Shakes  are  splits  or  checks  in  timbers  which 
usually  cause  a  separation  of  the  wood  between  annual 
rings. 


—  3  — 


Through  Shake :  A  shake  which  extends  between 
two  faces  of  a  timber. 

Ring  Shakes:  An  opening  between  the  annual 
rings. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

23.  Defects  in  rough  stock  caused  by  improper  man¬ 
ufacture  and  drying  will  reduce  grade,  unless  they  can  be 
removed  by  dressing  such  stock  to  standard  sizes. 

24.  All  stock  except  car  sills  and  framing  shall  be  in¬ 
spected  on  the  face  side  to  determine  the  grade.  In 
stock  surfaced  one  side,  the  dressed  surface  shall  be  con¬ 
sidered  the  face  side.  In  stock  rough  or  dressed  two 
sides,  the  best  side  shall  be  considered  the  face,  but  the 
reverse  side  of  all  such  stock  shall  not  be  more  than  one 
grade  lower. 

25.  Pieces  of  siding,  lining  or  roofing  with  3/16  of  an 
inch  or  more  of  tongue  will  be  admitted  in  any  grade,  pro¬ 
vided  it  does  not  run  more  than  one-third  the  length  of 
the  piece. 

26.  In  all  grades  lower  than  “B  and  Better”,  wane 
on  the  reverse  side,  not  exceeding  one-third  the  width 
and  one-sixth  the  length  of  any  piece,  is  admissible, 
provided  the  wane  does  not  extend  into  the  tongue, 
or  over  one-half  the  thickness  below  the  groove. 

27.  Chipped  grain  consists  in  a  part  of  the  surface 
being  chipped  or  broken  out  in  small  particles  below  the 
line  of  the  cut,  and  as  usually  found  shall  not  be  classed 
as  torn  grain  and  shall  not  be  considered  a  defect. 

28.  Torn  grain  consists  in  a  part  of  the  wood  being 
torn  out  in  dressing.  It  occurs  around  knots  and  curly 
places,  and  is  of  four  distinct  characters — slight,  medium, 
heavy  and  deep. 


—  4  — 


Slightly  torn  grain  shall  not  exceed  1/32  of  an  inch 
in  depth;  medium,  1/16  of  an  inch;  heavy,  of  an  inch; 
any  torn  grain  heavier  than  J/g  of  an  inch  shall  be  termed 
deep. 

29.  Loosened  grain  consists  in  a  point  of  one  grain 
being  torn  loose  from  the  next  grain.  It  occurs  on  the 
heart  side  of  the  piece  and  is  a  serious  defect,  expecially 
in  Flooring. 

30.  Rot,  Dote  and  Red  Heart:  Any  form  of  decay 
which  may  be  evident  either  as  a  dark-red  discoloration 
not  found  in  the  sound  wood,  or  the  presence  of  white 
or  red  rotten  spots,  shall  be  considered  as  a  defect. 

Firm  red  heart  shall  not  be  considered  a  defect  in  any 
of  the  grades  of  Common  Lumber. 

31.  The  grade  of  all  regular  stock  shall  be  determined 
by  the  number,  character  and  position  of  defects  visible 
in  any  piece.  The  enumerated  defects  herein  described 
admissible  in  any  grade  are  intended  to  be  descriptive 
of  the  coarsest  pieces  such  grades  may  contain,  but  the 
average  quality  of  the  grade  shall  be  midway  between  the 
highest  and  lowest  pieces  allowed  in  the  grade. 

32.  Lumber  and  timber  sawed  for  specific  purposes 
must  be  inspected  with  a  view  to  its  adaptability  for  the 
use  intended. 

33.  All  dressed  stock  shall  be  measured  strip  count, 
viz.:  Full  size  of  rough  material  necessarily  used  in  its 
manufacture. 

34.  “Equivalent”  means  equal,  and  in  construing 
and  applying  these  rules  the  defects,  whether  specified 
or  not,  are  understood  to  be  equivalent  in  damaging 
effect  to  those  mentioned  applying  to  stock  under  con¬ 
sideration. 


35.  Lumber  must  be  accepted  on  grade  in  the  form 
in  which  it  is  shipped.  Any  subsequent  change  in  manu¬ 
facture  or  mill  work  will  prohibit  an  inspection  for  the 
adjustment  of  claims,  except  with  the  consent  of  all  parties 
interested. 

•  36.  The  foregoing  general  observations  shall  apply  to 
and  govern  the  application  of  the  following  rules: 

37.  B  AND  BETTER  CAR  SIDING,  LINING  AND 
ROOFING  will  admit  any  two  of  the  following,  or  their 
equivalent  of  combined  defects:  sap  stain  not  to  exceed 
five  per  cent;  firm  red  heart  not  to  exceed  fifteen  per 
cent  of  the  face;  three  pin  knots,  one  standard  knot, 
three  small  pitch  pockets,  one  standard  pitch  pocket, 
one  standard  pitch  streak,  slight  torn  grain,  or  small 
kiln  or  season  checks.  Where  no  other  defects  are  con¬ 
tained,  six  small  pin  worm  holes  will  be  admitted. 

38.  SELECT  CAR  SIDING  will  admit  of  one  standard 
pitch  streak,  one  standard  pitch  pocket,  or  their  equiv¬ 
alent;  and,  in  addition,  will  admit  of  not  exceeding  five 
pin  knots  and  two  standard  knots,  or  their  equivalent; 
ten  per  cent  sap  stain;  firm  red  heart,  slight  shake,  heavy 
torn  grain,  defects  in  manufacture  or  seasoning  checks. 
Pieces  otherwise  good  enough  for  “B”,  but  containing 
a  limited  number  of  pin  worm  holes  shall  be  graded 
“Select”.  This  grade  is  intended  to  be  accumulated  from 
running  “B  and  Better”  stock,  and  will  consist  of  all  the 
droppings  which  do  not  contain  defects  in  excess  of  those 
mentioned  in  this  paragraph. 

39.  No.  1  COMMON  CAR  SIDING  will  admit  of 
the  following  defects  or  their  equivalent:  Sound  knots, 
not  over  one-half  of  cross-section  of  the  piece  at  any  point 
throughout  its  width;  three  pith  knots  or  their  equiva¬ 
lent;  wane  inch  deep  on  edge  not  exceeding  13^  inches 
wide  and  one  half  the  length  of  the  piece;  torn  grain, 


—  6  — 


pitch  pockets,  pitch,  sap  stain,  seasoning  checks,  slight 
shakes,  firm  red  heart  and  a  limited  number  of  small 
worm  holes  well  scattered.  This  grade  is  intended  to 
be  worked  from  Fencing  stock,  either  kiln  or  air  dried. 

40.  SELECT  CAR  LINING  AND  ROOFING  will 

admit  of  one  standard  pitch  streak;  one  standard  pitch 
pocket,  or  their  equivalent;  and,  in  addition,  sound  knots 
not  over  one-half  the  width  of  the  piece  in  the  rough;  ten 
per  cent  sap  stain;  firm  red  heart,  slight  shakes,  heavy  torn 
grain;  defects  in  manufacture,  or  seasoning  checks.  Pieces 
otherwise  good  enough  for  “B”,  but  containing  a  limited 
number  of  pin  worm  holes  shall  be  graded  “Select.” 
This  grade  is  intended  to  be  accumulated  from  running 
“B  and  Better”  stock,  and  will  consist  of  all  the  droppings 
which  do  not  contain  defects  in  excess  of  those  mentioned 
in  this  paragraph. 

41.  No.  1  COMMON  CAR  LINING  AND  ROOF¬ 
ING  will  admit  of  the  following  defects  or  their  equiv¬ 
alent:  Sound  knots  not  over  one-half  the  cross-section 
of  the  piece  at  any  point  throughout  its  length;  three 
pith  knots  or  their  equivalents,  torn  grain,  pitch  pockets, 
sap  stains,  seasoning  checks,  firm  red  heart,  and  a  limited 
number  of  pin  or  small  worm  holes  well  scattered.  This 
grade  is  intended  to  be  worked  from  Fencing  stock,  either 
kiln  or  air  dried. 


42.  STANDARD  PATTERNS.  (Insert  B/P  refer¬ 
ence,  showing  net  sizes  after  working.) 

43.  ALL-HEART  CAR  DECKING  OR  FLOORING 

will  admit  sound  knots  not  over  one-third  of  the  cross- 
section  of  the  piece  at  any  point  throughout  its  length, 
provided  they  are  not  in  groups;  pitch  pockets;  firm  red 
heart,  shake  and  seasoning  checks  which  do  not  go  through 
the  piece,  loose  or  heavy  torn  grain,  or  other  machine 
defects,  which  will  lay  without  waste  or  will  not  cause  a 


—  7  — 


leakage  in  cars  when  loaded  with  grain.  Must  be  strictly 
all  heart  on  both  sides  and  both  edges. 

44.  HEART  FACE  CAR  DECKING  OR  FLOOR¬ 
ING  will  admit  of  sound  knots  not  over  one-third  the 
cross  section  of  the  piece  at  any  point  throughout  its 
length,  provided  they  are  not  in  groups;  pitch  pockets, 
firm  red  heart,  shake  and  seasoning  checks  which  do  not 
go  through  the  piece,  loosened  or  heavy  torn  grain,  or 
other  machine  defects,  which  will  lay  without  waste, 
or  will  not  cause  a  leakage  in  cars  when  loaded  with  grain. 
Will  admit  of  any  amount  of  sap  provided  all  of  the  face 
side  of  the  piece  is  strictly  ALL  HEART. 

45.  No.  1  COMMON  CAR  DECKING  OR  FLOOR¬ 
ING  will  admit  of  sound  knots  not  over  one-half  the 
cross-section  of  the  piece  at  any  point  throughout  its 
length,  provided  they  are  not  in  groups;  pitch  pockets, 
sap  stain,  firm  red  heart,  shake  and  seasoning  checks  which 
do  not  go  through  the  piece,  a  limited  number  of  pin  worm 
holes,  loosened  or  heavy  torn  grain,  or  other  machine 
defects,  which  will  lay  without  waste,  or  will  not  cause 
a  leakage  in  cars  when  loaded  with  grain. 


CAR  SILLS  AND  FRAMING 

46.  No.  1  COMMON  HEART  CAR  SILLS  AND 
FRAMING  will  admit  of  sound  knots,  provided  they 
are  not  in  groups,  the  mean  or  average  diameter  of  which 
shall  not  exceed  2  inches,  pitch,  pitch  pockets,  slight 
shake,  seasoning  checks,  or  other  defects  which  will  not 
impair  its  strength  more  than  the  defects  aforementioned. 
Must  be  sawed  from  sound  timber,  free  from  dote  or 
rotten  red  heart,  and  true  to  measurements,  or  at  least 
the  measurements  at  no  point  on  the  sill  shall  be  less  than 
the  size  required. 


—  8  — 


Measurement  of  the  girth  at  any  point  throughout  the 
length  of  the  piece  must  show  at  least  seventy-five  per 
cent  heart  wood. 

Cubical  contents  shall  not  be  used  as  basis  for  obtaining 
percentage  of  he  art  wood  under  this  rule. 

47.  No.  1  COMMON  CAR  SILLS  AND  FRAMING 

will  admit  of  sound  knots,  provided  they  are  not  in  groups, 
the  mean  or  average  diameter  of  which  shall  not  exceed 
2  inches,  pitch,  pitch  pockets,  slight  shake,  seasoning 
checks,  sap,  sap  stain,  or  other  defects  which  will  not 
impair  its  strength  more  than  the  defects  aforementioned. 
Must  be  sawed  true  to  measurements  and  from  sound 
timber  free  from  dote  or  rotten  red  heart;  must  be  square 
cornered,  except  that  one-inch  of  wane  on  one  corner 
or  Yz  inch  of  wane  on  two  corners  is  admissible. 

48.  SIZES  up  to  6  inches  in  width  shall  measure 
full  when  green,  and  not  more  than  %  inch  scant  when 
dry  or  part  dry.  Sizes  6  to  12  inches  in  width  shall 
measure  full  when  green  and  not  more  than  Y  inch  scant 
when  dry  or  part  dry.  Sizes  12  to  16  inches  in  width 
shall  measure  full  when  green  and  not  more  than  %  inch 
scant  when  dry  or  part  dry.  Unless  otherwise  specified, 
one  fourth  inch  shall  be  allowed  for  each  side  which  is  to 
be  dressed.  In  pieces  3  by  6  inches  and  under  when 
ordered  in  lengths  exceeding  30  feet,  sound  knots  shall 
not  exceed  one-quarter  the  width  of  the  face  through 
which  they  project,  and  the  grains  shall  not  cross  suffi¬ 
ciently  to  impair  the  strength. 


—  9  — 


49.  STANDARD  LENGTHS: 

CAR  SIDING — 8,  9,  10  and  12  feet  or  multiples. 

CAR  LINING— 8,  9,  10,  12,  14,  16,  18  and  20  feet 
or  multiples. 

CAR  ROOFING — 5  feet  or  multiples. 

CAR  DECKING  OR  FLOORING— 9  and  10  feet  or 
multiples. 

All  orders  shall  be  shipped  in  standard  lengths  unless 
otherwise  specified,  but  no  lengths  of  either  car  siding, 
lining  or  roofing  shall  be  shipped,  except  in  the  lengths 
specified  or  multiples  thereof.  When  stock  is  not  desired 
in  multiple  lengths,  order  should  so  specify. 


—  10  — 


PIN  KNOT. 


11 


STANDARD  KNOT. 


12 


LARGE  KNOT. 


—  13  — 


SPIKE  KNOT. 


14 


LOOSE  KNOT, 


PITH  KNOT. 


—  16  — 


LIBRARY 

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Standard  Marking  of  Freight  Cars. 
Standard  Flooring,  Rough  and  Finished. 
Standard  Sheathing,  Roofing  and  Lining. 


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